Kimantawar Tsaron Lissafi (PQC) akan Na'urorin IoT

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1.1 Gabatarwa

Ci gaban da ke tattare da na'urar lissafi ta quantum yana haifar da barazana ga algorithms na tsaro na al'ada kamar RSA da ECC, musamman ga na'urorin IoT waɗanda ke da muhimmancin sadarwa mai tsaro amma suna fuskantar ƙarancin albarkatun lissafi. Wannan takarda tana binciken yuwuwar aiwatar da algorithms na tsaron lissafi (PQC) akan na'urori masu ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da aiwatar da algorithms na PQC guda uku—BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, da HQC—akan dandamali na Raspberry Pi.

1.2 Bayanan Baya da Dalili

Na'urorin IoT yawanci suna aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun iyaka na albarkatu ciki har da ƙarancin ƙarfin sarrafawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Tsarin tsaro na al'ada na maɓalli na jama'a yana da rauni ga harin quantum, musamman ta hanyar algorithm na Shor wanda zai iya warware matsalolin rarraba lambobi da na lissafi cikin sauƙi. Ƙoƙarin daɗawa da ma'auni na NIST ya gano algorithms na tsaron lissafi masu jure wa quantum, tare da zaɓen CRYSTALS-Kyber don ɗaukar maɓalli.

2. Hanyar Bincike

2.1 Tsarin Gwaji

Dandamalin gwaji yayi amfani da na'urorin Raspberry Pi waɗanda ke gudanar da aikace-aikacen IoT masu sauƙi. Aiwatarwar ta yi amfani da ɗakin karatu na Open Quantum Safe (liboqs) tare da mbedTLS don haɓaka hanyoyin musayar maɓulli masu tsaro daga quantum. An gudanar da gwaji a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli don tabbatar da sakamako masu maimaitawa.

2.2 Algorithms na PQC da aka Kimanta

An kimanta hanyoyin ɗaukar maɓalli na PQC guda uku da NIST ta keɓe:

• BIKE (Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation): Tsarin tsaro na tushen lamba (code-based) ta amfani da lambobi na quasi-cyclic moderate density parity-check
• HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic): Tsarin tushen lamba (code-based) wanda ke amfani da ma'auni na Hamming don gyara kuskure
• CRYSTALS-Kyber: Tsarin tsaro na tushen lattice (lattice-based) ta amfani da matsalar koyo tare da kurakurai (MLWE)

2.3 Ma'aunin Aiki

An auna mahimman fannoni huɗu: lokacin aiwatarwa (samarwa maɓalli, ɗaukar maɓalli, cire maɓalli), amfani da wutar lantarki (matsakaici da kololuwa), amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (RAM da flash), da zafin na'ura yayin ci gaba da aiki.

3. Aiwarar da Fasaha

3.1 Tushen Lissafi

Tsaron lissafi na algorithms da aka kimanta ya dogara ne akan matsaloli daban-daban masu wuya:

CRYSTALS-Kyber yana amfani da matsalar Module Learning With Errors (MLWE). Idan aka ba da vector sirri $s \in R_q^k$ da matrix na jama'a $A \in R_q^{k×k}$, rarrabawar MLWE tana fitar da $(A, As + e)$ inda $e$ ya zama ƙaramin vector kuskure. Matsalar yanke shawara ta MLWE ita ce a bambanta wannan rarrabawar da na gama gari.

BIKE yana amfani da tsarin tsaro na tushen lamba (code-based) inda tsaron ya dogara da wahalar fassar lambobi na quasi-cyclic bazuwar. Ma'auni na maɓalli shine $H \cdot x^T = s^T$ inda $H$ matrix ne mai duba daidaito, kuma nemo $x$ idan aka ba $s$ yana da wuya a lissafa.

HQC yana amfani da ma'aunin Hamming inda tsaron ya dogara da wahalar fassar alamun cuta (syndrome decoding): idan aka ba $H$ da alamun cuta $s$, nemo $x$ kamar yadda $Hx^T = s^T$ tare da $wt(x) = w$.

3.2 Aiwarar da Lambar (Code)

Aiwatarwar ta yi amfani da ɗakin karatu na Open Quantum Safe wanda aka haɗa tare da mbedTLS. A ƙasa akwai misalin lamba mai sauƙi don ɗaukar maɓalli na Kyber:

#include 
#include 

// Fara Kyber KEM
OQS_KEM *kem = OQS_KEM_new(OQS_KEM_alg_kyber_512);

// Samar da maɓalli
uint8_t public_key[OQS_KEM_kyber_512_length_public_key];
uint8_t secret_key[OQS_KEM_kyber_512_length_secret_key];
OQS_KEM_keypair(kem, public_key, secret_key);

// Daukar maɓalli
uint8_t ciphertext[OQS_KEM_kyber_512_length_ciphertext];
uint8_t shared_secret_e[OQS_KEM_kyber_512_length_shared_secret];
OQS_KEM_encaps(kem, ciphertext, shared_secret_e, public_key);

// Cire maɓalli
uint8_t shared_secret_d[OQS_KEM_kyber_512_length_shared_secret];
OQS_KEM_decaps(kem, shared_secret_d, ciphertext, secret_key);

4. Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Binciken Aiki

Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin aikin algorithms guda uku. CRYSTALS-Kyber ya nuna mafi kyawun aiki gabaɗaya tare da matsakaicin lokacin samar da maɓalli na 125ms, lokacin ɗaukar maɓalli na 95ms, da lokacin cire maɓalli na 85ms akan Raspberry Pi 4. BIKE ya nuna ƙarin ƙarfin lissafi tare da matsakaicin lokacin samar da maɓalli na 280ms, yayin da HQC ya nuna aiki na tsaka-tsaki.

4.2 Amfani da Albarkatun

Binciken amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya nuna cewa CRYSTALS-Kyber yana buƙatar kusan KB 15 na RAM don aiki, yayin da BIKE da HQC suka buƙaci KB 25 da KB 20 bi da bi. Ma'aunin amfani da wutar lantarki ya nuna cewa ayyukan CRYSTALS-Kyber sun ƙara zafin na'ura da 3.2°C yayin ci gaba da amfani, idan aka kwatanta da 5.1°C na BIKE da 4.3°C na HQC.

5. Bincike da Tattaunawa

Kimantawar algorithms na tsaron lissafi (PQC) akan na'urorin IoT masu ƙarancin albarkatu wani muhimmin mataki ne zuwa ga kayan aiki masu jure wa quantum. Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa haɗa algorithms na PQC akan kayan aiki masu ƙayyadaddun iyaka ba kawai yana yiwuwa ba ne har ma da amfani don aiwatarwa a duniyar zahiri. Bambance-bambancen aikin da aka lura tsakanin CRYSTALS-Kyber, BIKE, da HQC suna nuna mahimmancin zaɓin algorithm bisa takamaiman bukatun aikace-aikace.

Idan aka kwatanta da algorithms na tsaro na al'ada, tsare-tsaren PQC a zahiri suna buƙatar ƙarin albarkatun lissafi saboda sarƙaƙƙiyar lissafinsu. Duk da haka, kamar yadda tsarin daɗawa da ma'auni na NIST ya nuna kuma bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) ta goyi bayan, waɗannan ƙarin buƙatun za a iya sarrafa su ga yawancin aikace-aikace na zahiri. Aikin ya yi daidai da binciken da aikin Open Quantum Safe ya gano, wanda ya nuna cewa tsare-tsaren tushen lattice (lattice-based) kamar Kyber yawanci sun fi tsare-tsaren tushen lamba (code-based) da na multivariate a cikin gudun da girman maɓalli.

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba

Nasarar aiwatar da algorithms na PQC akan na'urori masu ƙarancin albarkatu yana buɗe yuwuwar aikace-aikace da yawa:

• Kayan Aikin Birane Masu Hikima: Sadarwa mai tsaro daga quantum don na'urori masu aunawa da masu sarrafawa masu haɗin kai
• IoT na Kiwon Lafiya: Sadarwar na'urar likita mai kariya wacce ke tabbatar da sirrin bayanan marasa lafiya
• IoT na Masana'antu: Tsarin sarrafa masana'antu masu tsaro waɗanda suka jure harin quantum
• Tsarin Motoci: Sadarwar mota-zuwa-mota da mota-zuwa-kayan aiki masu jure wa quantum
• Kula da Sarkar Wadata: Bin diddigin kaya da tabbatar da ingancinsu ta hanyar tsaron lissafi mai jure wa quantum