1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Kalmar sirri ta ci gaba da zama babban nau'in tabbatar da asali a kan layi duk da sanannen raunin da ke fitowa daga halayen mai amfani—zaɓar kalmar sirri mai rauni, mai iya hasashewa, da sake amfani da ita. Hanyoyin gargajiya kamar manufofin ƙirƙira kalmar sirri da ma'auni sun nuna iyakacin tasiri wajen ƙirƙirar ingantacciyar ƙarfin kalmar sirri ba tare da cutar da tunawa ba. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da DPAR (Tsarin Shawarar Kalmar Sirri Mai Dogaro da Bayanai), wata sabuwar hanya da ke haɗa wannan gibi. Maimakon ƙirƙira kirtani na bazuwar ko ba da ra'ayi mara tushe, DPAR tana nazarin kalmar sirri da mai amfani ya zaɓa da farko kuma tana ba da shawarwarin gyare-gyare na musamman, ƙanƙanta don ƙarfafa ta, ta yin amfani da tsarin da aka koya daga babban bayanan sirri miliyan 905 da aka fallasa a zahiri. Babban hasashe shine cewa shawarwari na keɓance, na ƙari sun fi dacewa da karɓa da tunawa fiye da maye gurbin gaba ɗaya.

2. Tsarin DPAR

DPAR tana wakiltar sauyin tsari daga ra'ayi mara aiki zuwa jagora mai aiki, mai dogaro da bayanai.

2.1 Hanyoyin Tsakiya & Tushen Bayanai

Hankalin tsarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanan "Qwerty da 123" wanda ya ƙunshi sirri miliyan 905 da aka fallasa. Ta hanyar nazarin wannan tarin, DPAR tana gina ƙirar ƙima na tsarin kalmar sirri na gama-gari, tsarin rauni (kamar "1qaz1qaz"), da halayen musanya. Wannan yana ba ta damar gano takamaiman abubuwan da ke cikin kalmar sirri na mai amfani waɗanda suka fi rauni ga harin ƙamus ko na tsari kuma ta ba da shawarwarin ingantawa da aka yi niyya. Ka'idar tushe tana kama da dabarun a cikin injin koyon adawa, inda ake horar da ƙira akan bayanan zahiri (kamar amfani da CycleGAN na saitin hotuna marasa haɗin gwiwa) don koyon ƙa'idodin canji waɗanda ke kiyaye sifofi na tsakiya (tunawa) yayin da suke canza wasu (ƙarfi).

2.2 Algorithm na Shawara & Tsarin Mai Amfani

Kwarewar mai amfani tana maimaitawa kuma tana ba da shawara. Mai amfani ya shigar da kalmar sirri. DPAR tana kimanta ta kuma tana iya ba da shawarar canji na musamman, kamar musanya harafi (misali, 'a' -> '@'), ƙara ƙari, ko ƙara babban harafi na musamman. Ana gabatar da shawarar a matsayin ƙaramin gyara ga ra'ayin mai amfani na asali, ba kirtani na waje ba. Misali, don kalmar sirri mai rauni "1qaz1qaz", DPAR na iya ba da shawarar "1q@z1qaz!", ta ƙara alama da alamar ban mamaki. Wannan tsari na iya maimaitawa har sai an cika ma'aunin ƙarfi mai gamsarwa, yana daidaita tsaro da karɓuwar mai amfani.

3. Kimantawar Gwaji

Takardar ta tabbatar da DPAR ta hanyar nazarin mai amfani guda biyu masu ƙarfi.

3.1 Nazari na 1: Tabbatar da Tunawa (n=317)

Wannan nazari ya gwada ko kalmar sirri da DPAR ta gyara ta ci gaba da zama mai tunawa. Mahalarta sun ƙirƙiri kalmar sirri, sun karɓi sigar da DPAR ta gyara, kuma daga baya an gwada su akan tunawa. Sakamakon ya nuna babu wani raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙimar tunawa idan aka kwatanta da kalmar sirri na asali, yana tabbatar da cewa falsafar "gyara ƙanƙanta" ta yi nasarar kiyaye tunawa.

3.2 Nazari na 2: Ƙarfi & Tunawa da Ma'aunin Kalmar Sirri (n=441)

Wannan gwaji mai sarrafawa da aka bazu ya kwatanta DPAR da ma'aunin kalmar sirri na gargajiya. An raba mahalarta zuwa ko dai ƙungiyar da ke amfani da ma'auni na yau da kullun ko ƙungiyar da ke karɓar shawarwarin DPAR yayin ƙirƙirar kalmar sirri.

3.3 Sakamako Mafi Muhimmanci & Taƙaitaccen Ƙididdiga

+34.8 bits

Matsakaicin haɓakar ƙarfin kalmar sirri (entropy) ga ƙungiyar DPAR.

36.6%

Ƙimar karɓuwar shawarar farko ta DPAR daidai.

Babu Tasiri Mai Muhimmanci

A kan ikon masu amfani na tunawa da kalmar sirri da DPAR ta gyara.

Ƙungiyar DPAR ta sami kalmar sirri ta ƙarshe mai ƙarfi sosai ba tare da lalata tunawa ba, ta fi ƙungiyar mai ma'auni kawai. Babban ƙimar karɓuwar daidai ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci, yana nuna ƙwararrun bin ka'idodin mai amfani tare da tsarin jagora.

4. Zurfin Fasaha

4.1 Tushen Lissafi & Lissafin Ƙarfi

Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin kalmar sirri ta amfani da entropy, ana auna shi da bits. Ana lissafin entropy $H$ na kalmar sirri bisa ga girman saitin haruffa $N$ da tsayi $L$, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin $H = L \cdot \log_2(N)$. Duk da haka, wannan yana ɗaukar zaɓi na bazuwar. Ƙirar DPAR dole ne ta rage farashin don tsarin da ake iya hasashewa. Ƙarin ƙira mai zurfi, kama da sarkar Markov ko nahawu mai mahimmanci mara mahallin da aka horar da shi akan bayanan fallasa, yana ƙididdige ainihin entropy $H_{actual}$ ta la'akari da yuwuwar jerin: $H_{actual} \approx -\log_2(P(kalmar sirri))$, inda $P(kalmar sirri)$ shine yuwuwar wannan tsarin kalmar sirri ya faru a cikin tarin horo. Manufar DPAR ita ce ba da shawarar mafi ƙarancin canji wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar $H_{actual}$.

4.2 Tsarin Bincike: Matrix na Kimantawar DPAR

Yanayi: Kimanta kalmar sirri "summer2024".
Binciken DPAR:

  1. Gano Tsari: An gano shi azaman kalmar ƙamus ta gama-gari ("summer") wacce ke biye da shekara ta baya-bayan nan.
  2. Kimar Rauni: Mai saukin kamuwa da harin ƙamus da na haɗin gwiwa. $H_{actual}$ ƙasa sosai.
  3. Samar da Shawara (Misalai):
    • Musanya: "$ummer2024" (maye gurbin 's' da '$').
    • Ƙara Ciki: "summer!2024" (ƙara '!').
    • Babban Harafi Mai Sarrafawa: "sUmmer2024" (babban harafi 'U').
  4. Binciken Ƙarfi Sake: Ana ƙididdige kowace shawara don ƙimar ribar entropy da tasirin tunawa. Ana iya ba da fifiko ga "$ummer2024" saboda babban haɓakar ƙarfinta tare da ƙaramin nauyin fahimi.
Wannan tsarin yana nuna yadda DPAR ke motsawa daga ganewar asali zuwa takamaiman magani.

5. Bincike Mai Zurfi & Ra'ayi na Masana'antu

Fahimta ta Tsakiya: DPAR ba wani ma'aunin kalmar sirri ba ce kawai; injin shiga tsakani ne na ɗabi'a. Hazakarta ta ta'allaka ne a sake tsara matsalar tsaro daga "ilimin mai amfani" zuwa "haɗin gwiwar mai amfani". Ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na ƙanƙanta, masu tabbatar da bayanai ga ƙirar hankali na mai amfani da kansa, ta kauce wa juriya ta tunani ga ɓacin rai da tsarin ya samar. Ƙimar karɓuwar daidai 36.6% ba lamba ba ce kawai—shaida ce ta ƙwararrun ƙirar ƙwarewar mai amfani a cikin yanki da ke fama da rikici.

Tsarin Hankali: Hankalin bincike ba shi da aibi. Ya fara da sanannen gazawar kayan aiki na yanzu (manufofi, ma'auni), ya nuna cewa takamaimanci da keɓancewa sun ɓace, ya gina tsarin (DPAR) don gwada wannan hasashe ta amfani da mafi girman bayanan zahiri da ake samu, kuma ya tabbatar da shi tare da gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke auna duka tsaro (bits) da amfani (tunawa, karɓuwa). Haka ne ya kamata a yi binciken tsaro na kwamfuta da ake amfani da shi.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfinsa shine tsarinsa mai aiki, mai mayar da hankali ga ɗan adam, wanda ke goyan bayan ingantaccen bayanai da bayyanannun sakamako. Duk da haka, babban aibi yana cikin yuwuwar filin harinsa. Idan algorithm ɗin shawara ya zama mai iya hasashewa, masu kai hari za su iya juyar da shi don inganta dabarun zato—wani tsohon tseren makamai da ake gani a cikin AI na adawa, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin takardu kamar "Adversarial Machine Learning at Scale" (Goodfellow et al., ICLR 2015). Bugu da ƙari, dogaro da tarin fallasa mai tsayayye bazai daidaita da sauri ga sabbin yanayin al'adu ko tsarin ƙwararrun zamantakewa da aka yi niyya ba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga CISOs da manajoji samfur, abin da za a ɗauka a bayyane yake: Daina dogaro da sanduna ja/rawaya/kore. Haɗa tsarin ba da shawara masu sane da mahallin kamar DPAR cikin rajistar ku da kuma canjin kalmar sirri nan da nan. Dawowar kuɗin shiga a cikin rage haɗarin karɓar asusu a bayyane yake. Ga masu bincike, mataki na gaba shine ƙarfafa DPAR daga binciken adawa da binciko dabarun koyon tarayya don sabunta ƙirar sa ba tare da tara sabbin bayanan kalmar sirri ba, don haka magance matsalolin sirri da cibiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) suka haskaka a cikin Jagororin Asalin Dijital.

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

  • Binciken Kalmar Sirri Mai Himma: Haɗawa cikin manajoji kalmar sirri don ba da shawarar gyare-gyare na ƙarfafawa lokaci-lokaci don adana kalmar sirri, motsawa fiye da faɗakarwar karya kawai.
  • Tsarin Daidaitawa & Masu Sane da Mahalli: Ƙirar DPAR waɗanda ke la'akari da takamaiman ƙimar asusun (misali, banki da forum), suna ba da shawarar ƙarin canje-canje masu ƙarfi don manyan maƙasudai.
  • Horon Jurewa da Zamba: Yin amfani da injin ba da shawara don koya wa masu amfani game da tsarin rauni ta hanyar nuna yadda za a ƙarfafa kalmar sirri na hasashensu.
  • Haɗawa tare da Komawar Binciken Halittu: A cikin tsarin tabbatar da asali mai yawa, kalmar sirri da DPAR ta gyara za ta iya zama mafi ƙarfi lokacin da binciken halittu ya gaza.
  • Horar da Ƙira Mai Kiyaye Sirri: Binciko dabaru kamar sirri daban-daban ko koyo akan na'ura don inganta bayanan ƙirar ba tare da lalata sabbin kalmar sirri na mai amfani ba.

7. Nassoshi

  1. Morag, A., David, L., Toch, E., & Wool, A. (2024). Inganta Kalmar Sirri na Masu Amfani tare da DPAR: Tsarin Shawarar Kalmar Sirri Mai Dogaro da Bayanai. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03423.
  2. Goodfellow, I., Shlens, J., & Szegedy, C. (2015). Bayyani da sarrafa misalan adawa. Babban Taron Wakilcin Koyo (ICLR).
  3. Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST). (2017). Jagororin Asalin Dijital (SP 800-63B).
  4. Ur, B., et al. (2016). Ƙira da kimanta ma'aunin kalmar sirri mai dogaro da bayanai. Gudummuwar Taron CHI akan Tsarin Ƙididdiga na ɗan Adam a cikin Tsarin Kwamfuta.
  5. Zhu, J.-Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar hoto-zuwa-hoto mara haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa masu jituwa na zagayowar. Gudummuwar Babban Taron Kwamfuta na IEEE.
  6. Weir, M., Aggarwal, S., Medeiros, B. D. P., & Glodek, B. (2009). Fasa kalmar sirri ta amfani da nahawu mai mahimmanci mara mahallin. IEEE Symposium akan Tsaro da Sirri.